防喷器组下方海底井口钻孔的风险和收益评估（第一版

This document provides an evaluation of the risks and benefits of allowing penetrations in subsea wellheads below the blowout preventer (BOP) stack so annuli other than the production tubing (commonly referred to as the “A” annulus) could be monitored. Current industry standards (API Spec 17D and ISO 13628-4) for the design of subsea wellheads prohibit penetrations below the (BOP) stack. In contrast, US regulations (30 CFR 250.517) require that all annuli be monitored for sustained casing pressure and that every occurrence of sustained casing pressure be reported immediately. The study concludes that the risks outweigh the benefits since the risk of maintaining the pressure barrier using a wellhead with penetrations is approximately 2.5 times that of a system without penetrations.