标准摘要
[中文适用范围]： IEC 60413:2026 标准适用于基于石墨的滑动电接触材料（如碳刷或受电弓滑板）。据此，该标准的测试程序亦可延伸至所有用于电力传输设备的电滑动接触及其他基于石墨材料的设备（如热交换器、轴承等）。本文件规定了测定以下特性的标准化程序：密度与孔隙率；电阻率；抗弯强度；硬度；灰分含量。此外，还提供了其他特性测试程序的推荐方法，包括：机械性能（Charpy 冲击试验、抗压强度、抗拉强度，见附录 B）；热性能（热膨胀系数、比热容、导热系数，见附录 C）。这些特性是石墨基材料固有的属性，因此必须将其与设备运行中的性能特征（如旋转电机中的碳刷、受电弓上的接触条等）加以区分。由于此类材料通常属于脆性且多孔材料，其特性变化幅度往往大于同类金属。部分测试方法适用于生产过程中的质量控制（例行测试），而其他方法则仅适用于采用精密实验室技术进行的更深入调查（见附录 A）。警告——使用本文件可能涉及危险物质、操作和设备。本文件无意涵盖其使用所关联的所有安全或环境问题。用户有责任在使用前制定适当的安全与健康实践，并确定相关监管限制的适用性。本第二版废止并取代于 1972 年发布的第一版，属于技术性修订。本版本较前一版本主要进行了以下技术变更：a) 标题修改；b) 第 3 章新增定义；c) 第 5 章（试样）：完善命名并新增不同类型的试样，明确其尺寸、公差及制备要求；d) 优化第 6 章至第 11 章中已披露特性的测试程序；e) 将视密度与视孔隙率分设条款（分别为第 6 章和第 10 章）；f) 第 7 章（电阻率）：新增涡流法；g) 第 9 章（回弹硬度）：新增一种里氏硬度计型号，并引入里氏法作为传统肖氏硬度计法的替代方案；h) 第 12 章新增测试报告的通用要素；i) 新增规范性附录 A：引入测试类别（型式试验与例行试验），并按目的列出各类测试对应的待测特性；j) 新增附录 B：抗弯强度和硬度之外的其他机械性能测试方法（抗拉、抗压及冲击强度）；k) 新增附录 C：热性能测试方法（线膨胀系数、比热容及导热系数）；l) 新增附录 D：密度与孔隙率的补充；m) 新增附录 E：元素分析方法的推荐；n) 新增附录 F：有关肖氏硬度的补充信息。 [外文原描述]： IEC 60413:2026 concerns graphite-based grades that are used for sliding electrical contacts, such as carbon brushes or pantograph strips. By extension, it is possible to apply the test procedures of this document to all electrical sliding contacts for electrical transmission appliances and to other appliances of graphite-based materials (heat exchangers, bearings, etc.). This document specifies uniformized procedures for determining their following properties: - density and porosity; - resistivity; - flexural strength; - hardness; - ash content. In addition, it provides recommendations on test procedures for other properties: - Mechanical properties: Charpy impact test, compressive strength, tensile strength (Annex B). - Thermal properties: coefficient of thermal expansion, specific heat capacity, thermal conductivity (Annex C). The properties determined by these tests are inherent to the graphite-based materials and it is therefore important to distinguish them from performance characteristics in operation on electrical equipment (carbon brush in an electrical rotating machine, contact strips on a pantograph, etc.). Since these materials are generally brittle, porous materials, it is reasonable that their properties vary much more than the same properties in metals. Some test methods are suitable for use in production quality control (routine tests), others only for more thorough investigations, using precise laboratory techniques (see Annex A). WARNING — The use of this document can involve hazardous substances, operations and equipment. It does not purport to address all of the safety or environmental problems associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this document to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use. This second edition cancels and replaces the first edition published in 1972. This edition constitutes a technical revision. This edition includes the following significant technical changes with respect to the previous edition: a) Title modified. b) Addition of definitions in Clause 3. c) Clause 5 on test specimen: Nomenclature and addition of the different types of test specimen, specification on their dimensions, tolerances and preparation. d) Improvement of test procedures of the properties already disclosed in the previous edition (Clause 6 to Clause 11). e) Separation of apparent density and apparent porosity (respectively Clause 6 and Clause 10). f) Resistivity (Clause 7): Addition of the eddy current method. g) Rebound hardness (Clause 9): Addition of a new model of scleroscope and addition of Leeb method, as a possible alternative to the traditional scleroscope method. h) Common elements of the test report in a dedicated Clause 12. i) Addition of Annex A (normative): introduction of tests categories (serial/type tests), list of properties to be tested for each test category of test according to their purpose. j) Addition of Annex B: test procedures for other mechanical properties than flexural strength and hardness: tensile, compressive and impact strength. k) Addition of Annex C: test procedures for thermal properties (coefficient of linear expansion, specific heat capacity and thermal conductivity). l) Addition of Annex D: supplement to density and porosity. m) Addition of Annex E: recommendations on methods for elements analysis. n) Addition of Annex F: supplement of information concerning scleroscope hardness.
英文名称Test procedures for determining physical properties of brush materials