基站附近人体射频暴露的评估

[中文适用范围]： IEC 62232:2025 提供了用于评估人体暴露的基站 (BS) 附近射频场强、功率密度和特定吸收率 (SAR) 测定方法。本文件：a) 考虑有意辐射的 BS，其使用 110 MHz 至 300 GHz 范围内的一个或多个频率在一个或多个天线上发射；b) 考虑至少在 100 kHz 至 300 GHz 频率范围内环境源对射频暴露的影响；c) 指定用于合规性评估应用的射频暴露评估方法，即：1) 产品合规性 - 在 BS 产品投放市场之前确定其合规性边界信息；2) 产品安装合规性 - 在产品投入运行之前确定 BS 产品和其他相关源在可触及区域的总射频暴露水平；3) 现场射频暴露评估 - 在产品投入运行后测量 BS 安装附近的现场射频暴露水平； d) 规定了如何根据实际最大方法进行射频暴露评估；e) 描述了几种射频场强、功率密度和 SAR 测量和计算方法，并指导它们如何适用于已安装基站的现场评估和实验室评估；f) 描述了测量员如何建立适合其评估目的的具体评估程序；g) 提供了如何报告、解释和比较不同评估方法的结果的指导，并在评估目的需要时，根据限值确定合理的决策；h) 提供了使用时变波束控制技术（例如，使用大规模多输入多输出 (MIMO) 的新无线电 (NR) 基站）对基站进行射频暴露评估的方法。注 1：实际实施案例研究作为示例在配套技术报告 IEC TR 62669 [5] 中提供。注 2：尽管当前的基站产品类型已规定工作频率高达 200 GHz（例如，参见 [6] 和 [7]），但 300 GHz 的上限频率与适用的暴露限值一致。注 3：环境源的较低频率 100 kHz 源自 ICNIRP-1998 [2] 和 ICNIRP-2020 [1]。然而，一些适用的暴露指南要求将环境场评估为低至 3 kHz，例如安全规范 6 [4] 和 IEEE Std C95.1-2019 [3]。注 4：适当的射频暴露缓解措施（如标牌、门禁和培训）的规范超出了本文档的范围。可以参考有关这些主题的适用法规或建议措施。注 5：虽然本文档基于当前关于评估射频暴露是否符合适用暴露限值的最佳工程实践的国际共识，但国家监管机构可能规定了不同的要求。进行射频暴露评估的实体需要了解适用的法规。第四版取消并取代了2022年出版的第三版。本版修正了第三版中的明显错误，并对文本进行了改进，使评估方法的描述更加清晰，避免误解。本版的技术内容与第三版相同。 [外文原描述]： IEC 62232:2025 provides methods for the determination of RF field strength, power density and specific absorption rate (SAR) in the vicinity of base stations (BS) for the purpose of evaluating human exposure. This document: a) considers intentionally radiating BS which transmit on one or more antennas using one or more frequencies in the range 110 MHz to 300 GHz; b) considers the impact of ambient sources on RF exposure at least in the 100 kHz to 300 GHz frequency range; c) specifies the methods to be used for RF exposure evaluation for compliance assessment applications, namely: 1) product compliance – determination of compliance boundary information for a BS product before it is placed on the market; 2) product installation compliance – determination of the total RF exposure levels in accessible areas from a BS product and other relevant sources before the product is put into operation; 3) in-situ RF exposure assessment – measurement of in-situ RF exposure levels in the vicinity of a BS installation after the product has been taken into operation; d) specifies how to perform RF exposure assessment based on the actual maximum approach; e) describes several RF field strength, power density, and SAR measurement and computation methodologies with guidance on their applicability to address both the in-situ evaluation of installed BS and laboratory-based evaluations; f) describes how surveyors establish their specific evaluation procedures appropriate for their evaluation purpose; g) provides guidance on how to report, interpret and compare results from different evaluation methodologies and, where the evaluation purpose requires it, determine a justified decision against a limit value; h) provides methods for the RF exposure assessment of BS using time-varying beam-steering technologies such as new radio (NR) BS using massive multiple input multiple output (MIMO). NOTE 1 Practical implementation case studies are provided as examples in the companion Technical Report IEC TR 62669 [5]. NOTE 2 Although the current BS product types have been specified to operate up to 200 GHz (see, for example, [6] and [7]), the upper frequency of 300 GHz is consistent with applicable exposure limits. NOTE 3 The lower frequency considered for ambient sources, 100 kHz, is derived from ICNIRP-1998 [2] and ICNIRP-2020 [1]. However, some applicable exposure guidelines require ambient fields to be evaluated as low as 3 kHz, e.g. Safety Code 6 [4] and IEEE Std C95.1-2019 [3]. NOTE 4 Specification of appropriate RF exposure mitigation measures such as signage, access control, and training are beyond the scope of this document. It is possible to refer to the applicable regulations or recommended practices on these topics. NOTE 5 While this document is based on the current international consensus about the best engineering practice for assessing the compliance of RF exposure with the applicable exposure limits, it is possible that national regulatory agencies specify different requirements. The entity conducting an RF exposure assessment needs to be aware of the applicable regulations. This fourth edition cancels and replaces the third edition published in 2022. It includes corrections of obvious errors and text improvements on the third edition in order to bring more clarity in the description of the assessment methods and avoid misinterpretations. This edition has the same technical content as the third edition.