液压机.卡普兰、弗朗西斯、水斗式涡轮机水冲蚀处理指南

[中文适用范围]： “本指南的目的是：a) 提供从各种水力工地收集的水质@操作条件@组件材料@和组件特性的几种组合的颗粒磨损率数据；b) 制定通过以下方法最大限度地减少颗粒磨损的方法指南：对清洁水的水力设计进行修改。这些指南不包括应由给定地点的水力设计专家确定的水力剖面形状等细节；c) 根据有关水的相对阻力的“经验数据”制定指南。面临颗粒磨损问题的材料； d) 制定关于耐磨材料和硬面涂层可维护性的指南； e) 制定关于推荐方法@的指南，业主可以并且应该采取这些指南，以确保规范传达对此特别关注的必要性在其现场的水力设计方面没有建立无法满足的标准，因为该方法超出了制造商的控制范围； f) 制定有关水轮机在含有颗粒材料的水中的运行模式的指南，以延长运行寿命；本指南假设水不具有化学腐蚀性。由于化学侵蚀性取决于许多可能的化学成分@和机器材料@，因此解决这些问题超出了本指南的范围。本指南假设涡轮机中不存在气蚀现象。空蚀和磨损可能会相互加强，从而导致所产生的侵蚀大于空蚀加上磨损侵蚀的总和。由此产生的磨损的定量关系尚不清楚，评估它超出了本指南的范围@，除了建议在涡轮机设计阶段做出特别努力以尽量减少气蚀。随水移动的大固体（例如石头@木材@冰@金属物体@等）可能会影响涡轮机部件并产生损坏。这种损坏反过来可能会增加流动湍流，从而加速气蚀和磨蚀造成的磨损。耐磨涂层也可能因大固体的冲击而局部损坏。解决这些问题超出了本指南的范围。本指南主要关注水力发电厂设备。某些部分也可能适用于其他液压机。” [外文原描述]： IEC 62364:2013 serves to present data on particle abrasion rates on several combinations of water quality, operating conditions, component materials, and component properties collected from a variety of hydro sites; develop guidelines for the methods of minimizing particle abrasion by modifications to hydraulic design for clean water. These guidelines do not include: - details such as hydraulic profile shapes which should be determined by the hydraulic design experts for a given site; - develop guidelines based on "experience data" concerning the relative resistance of materials faced with particle abrasion problems; - develop guidelines concerning the maintainability of abrasion resistant materials and hard facing coatings; - develop guidelines on a recommended approach, which owners could and should take to ensure that specifications communicate the need for particular attention to this aspect of hydraulic design at their sites without establishing criteria which cannot be satisfied because the means are beyond the control of the manufacturers - and develop guidelines concerning operation mode of the hydro turbines in water with particle materials to increase the operation life. It is assumed that the water is not chemically aggressive. Since chemical aggressiveness is dependent upon so many possible chemical compositions, and the materials of the machine, it is beyond the scope of this Guide to address these issues. It is assumed that cavitation is not present in the turbine. Cavitation and abrasion may reinforce each other so that the resulting erosion is larger than the sum of cavitation erosion plus abrasion erosion. The quantitative relationship of the resulting abrasion is not known and it is beyond the scope of this guide to assess it, except to recommend that special efforts be made in the turbine design phase to minimize cavitation. Large solids (e.g. stones, wood, ice, metal objects, etc.) traveling with the water may impact turbine components and produce damage. This damage may in turn increase the flow turbulence thereby accelerating wear by both cavitation and abrasion. Abrasion resistant coatings can also be damaged locally by impact of large solids. It is beyond the scope of this Guide to address these issues. Key words: hydraulic, turbines, hydro-abrasive erosion