几何产品规范(GPS).工件和测量设备的测量检查.第2部分:几何产品规范测量中,测量设备校准中以及产品检验中不确定度评价指南

[中文适用范围]： ISO 14253 的这一部分为实施“测量不确定度评估指南”（简称 GUM）概念提供了指导，该指南将在工业中应用于 GPS 领域的（测量）标准和测量设备的校准以及工件 GPS 特性的测量。目的是促进有关如何实现不确定度陈述的完整信息，并为测量结果及其不确定度的国际比较（购买者和供应商之间的关系）提供基础。ISO 14253 的这一部分旨在支持 ISO 14253-1。这两个部分都有助于公司所有技术职能部门解释 GPS 规范 [即工件特性的公差和测量设备计量特性的最大允许误差值 (MPE)]。ISO 14253 的这一部分引入了不确定性管理程序 (PUMA)，这是一种基于 GUM 的实用、迭代程序，用于在不改变 GUM 基本概念的情况下评估测量不确定度。它通常用于估计测量不确定度并给出以下不确定度的陈述： — 单次测量结果； — 两个或多个测量结果的比较； — 将一个或多个工件或测量设备的测量结果与给定的规范[即测量仪器或测量标准的计量特性的最大允许误差 (MPE)、工件特性的公差限度等]进行比较，以证明符合或不符合规范。 迭代法基本上基于上限策略，即高估各个级别的不确定度，但迭代控制高估的量。有意高估（而不是低估）对于防止根据测量结果做出错误决策是必要的。高估的量通过对情况的经济评估来控制。迭代法是公司计量活动中实现利润最大化和成本最小化的工具。迭代方法/程序在经济上具有自我调整功能，也是改变/减少现有测量不确定性的工具，目的是降低计量（制造）成本。迭代方法可以在不确定性估计和预算中权衡风险、工作量和成本。 [外文原描述]： ISO 14253-2:2011 gives guidance on the implementation of the concept of the "Guide to the estimation of uncertainty in measurement" (in short GUM) to be applied in industry for the calibration of (measurement) standards and measuring equipment in the field of GPS and the measurement of workpiece GPS characteristics. The aim is to promote full information on how to achieve uncertainty statements and provide the basis for international comparison of measurement results and their uncertainties (relationship between purchaser and supplier). ISO 14253-2:2011 is intended to support ISO 14253-1. Both parts are beneficial to all technical functions in a company in the interpretation of GPS specifications [i.e. tolerances of workpiece characteristics and values of maximum permissible errors (MPEs) for metrological characteristics of measuring equipment]. ISO 14253-2:2011 introduces the Procedure for Uncertainty MAnagement (PUMA), which is a practical, iterative procedure based on the GUM for estimating uncertainty of measurement without changing the basic concepts of the GUM. It is intended to be used generally for estimating uncertainty of measurement and giving statements of uncertainty for: single measurement results; the comparison of two or more measurement results; the comparison of measurement results from one or more workpieces or pieces of measurement equipment with given specifications [i.e. maximum permissible errors (MPEs) for a metrological characteristic of a measurement instrument or measurement standard, and tolerance limits for a workpiece characteristic, etc.], for proving conformance or non-conformance with the specification. The iterative method is based basically on an upper bound strategy, i.e. overestimation of the uncertainty at all levels, but the iterations control the amount of overestimation. Intentional overestimation and not underestimation, is necessary to prevent wrong decisions based on measurement results. The amount of overestimation is controlled by economical evaluation of the situation. The iterative method is a tool to maximize profit and minimize cost in the metrological activities of a company. The iterative method/procedure is economically self-adjusting and is also a tool to change/reduce existing uncertainty in measurement with the aim of reducing cost in metrology (manufacture). The iterative method makes it possible to compromise between risk, effort and cost in uncertainty estimation and budgeting.