土壤质量 - 土壤对人体暴露的表征

[中文适用范围]： 本文件就土壤特性的类型和程度提供了指导，这些特性对于评估人体暴露于可能导致不利影响的物质是必要的。它不提供以下方面的指导： — 可用于估计暴露的数值模型的设计或选择； — 土壤中放射性、病原体或石棉的潜在暴露。提供了与土壤暴露有关的人体健康背景信息以及通过不同途径对暴露的影响。 注 1 为方便起见，除非另有说明，本文件中的“土壤”也包括“土壤材料”。 注 2 总体暴露可能是由于土壤、地下水和空气中的潜在有害物质 (PHS)。暴露于土壤中的物质可能是直接的（例如通过吸入、摄入、皮肤接触），也可能是间接的（通过食用摄入了相关物质的植物或动物）。 注 3 当潜在有害物质因人类活动而存在（例如在旧工业场地）时，通常需要评估其对人体健康的可能影响，但有时当这些物质自然存在时也需要评估。注 4 土壤特性分析先于土壤与用途的兼容性评估（即土壤质量评估）。概念场地模型 (CSM) 和健康风险评估等工具可用于辅助进行此评估。注 5 土壤特性分析可用于概述人口与土壤的接触情况。其他国际标准可帮助对其他介质（如地表水和地下水）进行特性分析，以了解它们对人类可能产生的不利影响。 [外文原描述]： This document provides guidance on the type and extent of soil characterization necessary for the evaluation of human exposure to substances present in possibly leading to adverse effects. It does not provide guidance on: — the design or selection of numerical models that can be used to estimate exposure; — potential exposure to radioactivity, pathogens or asbestos in soil. Background information is provided on human health related to exposure to soil and the influence on exposure via different pathways. NOTE 1 For convenience "soil" in this document also includes "soil material" unless stated otherwise. NOTE 2 Overall exposure can be due to potentially harmful substances (PHSs) in soil, groundwater and air. Exposure to those in soil can be direct (e.g. through inhalation, ingestion, cutaneous contact), or indirect (through the consumption of plants or animals that have taken up substances of concern). NOTE 3 The evaluation of the possible impact on human health of potentially harmful substances is most commonly required when these are present as a result of human activity (e.g. on old industrial sites) but can sometimes be required when they are present naturally. NOTE 4 Soil characterization precedes the assessment of the compatibility between soil and its use (i.e. soil quality assessment). Tools such as a conceptual site model (CSM) and health risk assessment can be used to aid this assessment. NOTE 5 Soil characterization can be used to develop an overview of population exposure to soil. Other International Standards are available that can aid the characterization of other media (e.g. surface and groundwater), in terms of their possible adverse effects on humans.