塑料.环境方面.标准中环境方面的一般指南

[中文适用范围]： 本文件提供了将环境因素纳入塑料产品标准的结构。 它提出了一种方法，旨在最大限度地减少任何不利的环境影响，同时又不偏离确保所考虑的产品足够适合使用的主要目的。 本文档提供的指南主要供标准制定者使用。 然而，除了其主要目的之外，本文件还为那些参与设计工作和其他考虑塑料环境问题的活动的人员提供了有价值的指导。 注：本文件旨在促进以下实践： a) 使用技术来识别和评估标准中技术规定的环境影响，并尽量减少其不利影响； b) 采用良好实践，例如： 1) 避免污染的程序，例如通过报废选择及其适当的管理； 2) 根据产品的预期用途（和可预见的误用）节省材料和能源； 3）危险物质的安全使用； 4）避免技术上不合理的限制性做法； 5) 推广性能标准而不是仅基于化学成分标准的排除条款； 6) 如果生命周期评估显示有利，则使用可再生资源并尽量减少使用不可再生资源； c) 在标准制定中对环境影响、产品功能和性能、健康和安全以及其他监管要求等问题采取平衡的方法； d) 根据技术创新定期审查和修订现有标准，从而改善产品和过程对环境的影响； e) 在适用且技术上合理的情况下应用生命周期分析方法。 [外文原描述]： This document provides a structure for inclusion of environmental aspects in standards for plastics products. It proposes an approach which is directed at minimizing any adverse environmental impact without detracting from the primary purpose of ensuring adequate fitness for use of the products under consideration. The guidance provided by this document is intended primarily for use by standards writers. Over and above its primary purpose, however, this document provides guidance of value to those involved in design work and other activities where environmental aspects of plastics are being considered. NOTE This document is intended to promote the following practices: a) the use of techniques for identifying and assessing the environmental impact of technical provisions in standards, and for minimizing their adverse effects; b) the adoption of good practices such as: 1) procedures for pollution avoidance, e.g. through end-of-life options and its proper management; 2) material and energy conservation in the light of the intended use (and foreseeable misuse) of the product; 3) safe use of hazardous substances; 4) avoidance of technically unjustifiable restrictive practices; 5) promotion of performance criteria rather than exclusion clauses such as are based, for example, only on chemical composition criteria; 6) use of renewable resources and minimization of the use of non-renewable resources, if the life cycle assessment shows favourable; c) the adoption of a balanced approach in standards development to issues such as environmental impact, product function and performance, health and safety, and other regulatory requirements; d) the regular review and revision of existing standards in the light of technical innovations, permitting improvement in the environmental impact of products and processes; e) the application of life cycle analytical approaches wherever applicable and technically justifiable.