水声学. 测量冲击桩推进的辐射水声

[中文适用范围]： 本文件描述了用于测量使用锤子敲击打桩过程中产生的辐射水下声学的方法、程序和测量系统。 对冲击式打桩过程中辐射的声音进行测量的一个主要动机是作为监管框架要求的对水生动物影响评估的一部分。 本文件描述了可应用于不同监管要求的通用测量方法。 本文件适用于海上风电场、石油和天然气平台以及其他近岸结构（如桥梁基础和水生可再生能源）建设中使用的基础（单桩、导管架、三脚架等）海上安装的冲击式打桩测量能源设备。 本文件不包括振动打桩或板桩辐射声音的测量。 本文件不包括深度小于 4 m 或大于 100 m 的水中打桩。 本文描述的程序为进行测量提供指导，以满足以下目标： ——监测打桩过程中的源输出，例如，出于监管目的； ——提供不同建设项目打桩噪声比较的一致性； - 用于验证建模或预测。 本文件仅涵盖冲击式打桩过程中辐射声场的测量。 本文件的范围不包括暴露指标的评估或暴露标准的使用。 没有尝试规定一种用于生成源附近的声场图的方法。 在本文件的规范部分中，描述了在打桩的特定范围内测量声场的要求和程序。 在文档的这一部分中，没有提供用于确定独立于源和接收器之间的传播路径（例如源电平）的声输出度量的过程。 理想情况下，这样的度量将具有一定的预测效用（例如，在计算噪声影响区域和噪声图时）。 然而，附件 A 中提供了有关确定可能的声输出度量的一些信息。 本文件仅涵盖水柱中声压的测量。 该范围不包括由于声波传播而引起的水柱中声质速度的测量，或由于波浪在海底传播而引起的海底振动的测量。 这种排除并不意味着这些措施不重要；事实上，人们已经认识到它们在评估对水生生物的影响方面的重要性。 然而，在起草时，这些量的测量还不够成熟，无法实现标准化。 [外文原描述]： ISO 18407:2017 describes the methodologies, procedures, and measurement systems to be used for the measurement of the radiated underwater acoustic sound generated during pile driving using percussive blows with a hammer. A major motivation for undertaking measurements of the sound radiated during percussive pile driving is as part of an assessment of impact on aquatic fauna required by regulatory frameworks. This document describes a generic approach to measurements that can be applied to different regulatory requirements. ISO 18407:2017 is suitable for measurement of percussive pile driving undertaken for offshore installation of foundations (monopiles, jackets, tripods, etc.) used in construction of offshore wind farms, oil and gas platforms, and other inshore structures such as bridge foundations and aquatic renewable energy devices. This document does not cover measurement of the sound radiated by vibro-piling or sheet piling. This document does not cover piling in water of depth less than 4 m or greater than 100 m. The procedures described herein provide guidance on making measurements to satisfy the following objectives: - to monitor source output during piling, for example, for regulatory purposes; - to provide consistency in comparison of piling noise from different construction projects; - for validation of modelling or predictions. ISO 18407:2017 covers only the measurement of the sound field radiated during percussive pile driving. The scope of this document does not include the assessment of exposure metrics, or the use of exposure criteria. No attempt is made to prescribe a methodology for generating maps of the acoustic field in the vicinity of the source. In the normative part of this document, requirements and procedures are described for measurement of the sound field at specific ranges from the pile being driven. In this part of the document, no procedure is provided for determination of an acoustic output metric that is independent of the propagation path between source and receiver (such as a source level). Ideally, such a metric would have some predictive utility (for example, in calculating noise impact zones and noise maps). However, some information on the determination of a possible acoustic output metric is provided in Annex A. ISO 18407:2017 covers only the measurement of sound pressure in the water column. The scope does not include measurement of sound particle velocity in the water column due to the propagating sound wave, or seabed vibration caused by waves propagating across the sea-floor. This exclusion does not imply that such measures are unimportant; indeed, their importance in assessing the impact on aquatic life is recognized. However, at the time of drafting, measurement of these quantities is not yet mature enough for standardization.