环境中放射性的测量.土壤.第2部分:取样策略、取样和样品预处理的选择指南

[中文适用范围]： 本文件根据 ISO 11074 和 ISO/IEC 17025 规定了计划（案头研究和区域勘察）采样和制备测试样品的所有步骤的一般要求。它包括采样策略的选择、采样计划的概述、一般采样方法和设备的介绍，以及适合测量土壤中放射性核素活性的样品预处理方法，包括含有 NORM 或人工放射性核素的矿物来源颗粒材料，例如污泥、沉积物、建筑垃圾、不同类型的固体废物和来自技术增强的天然放射性物质（采矿、燃煤、磷肥生产等）的材料。为简便起见，本文件中使用的术语“土壤”涵盖了上述元素集。本文件面向负责确定土壤中放射性以进行辐射防护的人员。它适用于花园、农田、城市或工业场所的土壤，以及未受人类活动影响的土壤。本文件适用于所有实验室，无论其人员数量或所进行的检测范围如何。当实验室不承担本文件所涵盖的一项或多项活动（如规划、取样、检测或校准）时，相应的要求不适用。注：“实验室”一词适用于执行规划、取样、检测和校准的所有指定实体（个人、组织等）。 [外文原描述]： This document specifies the general requirements, based on ISO 11074 and ISO/IEC 17025 , for all steps in the planning (desk study and area reconnaissance) of the sampling and the preparation of samples for testing. It includes the selection of the sampling strategy, the outline of the sampling plan, the presentation of general sampling methods and equipment, as well as the methodology of the pre-treatment of samples adapted to the measurements of the activity of radionuclides in soil including granular materials of mineral origin which contain NORM or artificial radionuclides, such as sludge, sediment, construction debris, solid waste of different type and materials from technologically enhanced naturally occurring radioactive materials (mining, coal combustion, phosphate fertilizer production etc.). For simplification, the term “soil” used in this document covers the set of elements mentioned above. This document is addressed to the people responsible for determining the radioactivity present in soil for the purpose of radiation protection. It is applicable to soil from gardens, farmland, urban, or industrial sites, as well as soil not affected by human activities. This document is applicable to all laboratories regardless of the number of personnel or the range of the testing performed. When a laboratory does not undertake one or more of the activities covered by this document, such as planning, sampling, test or calibration, the corresponding requirements do not apply. NOTE The term “laboratory” is applicable to all identified entities (individuals, organizations, etc.) performing planning, sampling, test and calibration.