放射性废物的γ能谱测量指南

[中文适用范围]： 本国际标准适用于放射性废物的γ辐射测量。放射性废物可以以多种形式存在并表现出多种特性，包括以下内容：——生的或未经处理的废物，包括工艺废物（过滤器、树脂、控制棒、废料等）和来自拆解或退役的废物；——经过处理的废物，形式和基质各异（如沥青、水泥、水力结合剂等）；——非常低水平（VLLW）、低水平（LLW）、中间水平（ILW）和高水平放射性废物（HLW）；——不同形状的包装：圆柱体、立方体、长方体等。本标准提供了关于实施、校准和质量控制方面的指导。由于应用范围多样，测量系统实现各异（从研究到工业系统，从非常低水平到高水平放射性废物，从小到大体积且形状各异的包装，性能要求和允许测量时间不同），因此无法为所有情况提供具体指导；本国际标准的目的是制定一系列指导原则。最终实施应由合适的资格和经验人员进行，并基于对特定测量应用中影响因素、变量和性能要求的充分理解。本国际标准假设已经充分考虑了提供此类系统的需求，并且通过结构化的需求捕获过程（如数据质量目标（DQO））充分定义其应用和性能要求。需要注意的是，尽管超出了本国际标准的范围，但此处讨论的原则、测量方法和推荐实践也同等适用于非放射性废物（例如散装食品、水、自由-standing材料堆）或其他类型包装中的放射性材料的γ测量（例如运输容器中）。 [外文原描述]： ISO 19017:2015 is applicable to gamma radiation measurements on radioactive waste. Radioactive waste can be found in different forms and exhibit a wide range of characteristics, including the following: - raw or unconditioned waste, including process waste (filters, resins, control rods, scrap, etc.) and waste from dismantling or decommissioning; - conditioned waste in various forms and matrices (bitumen, cement, hydraulic binder, etc.); - very low level (VLLW), low level (LLW), intermediate level (ILW) and high level radioactive waste (HLW); - different package shapes: cylinders, cubes, parallelepipeds, etc. Guidance is provided in respect of implementation, calibration, and quality control. The diversity of applications and system realizations (ranging from research to industrial systems, from very low level to high level radioactive waste, from small to large volume packages with different shapes, with different performance requirements and allowable measuring time) renders it impossible to provide specific guidance for all instances; the objective of this International Standard is, therefore, to establish a set of guiding principles. Ultimately, implementation is to be performed by suitably qualified and experienced persons and based on a thorough understanding of the influencing factors, contributing variables and performance requirements of the specific measurement application. This International Standard assumes that the need for the provision of such a system will have been adequately considered and that its application and performance requirements will have been adequately defined through the use of a structured requirements capture process, such as data quality objectives (DQO). It is noted that, while outside the scope of this International Standard, many of the principles, measurement methods, and recommended practices discussed here are also equally applicable to gamma measurements of items other than radioactive waste (e.g. bulk food, water, free-standing piles of materials) or to measurements made on radioactive materials contained within non-traditional packages (e.g. in transport containers).