放射性测量 发射伽马射线的放射性核素 使用闪烁探测器伽马射线能谱分析的快速筛查方法

This document specifies a screening test method to quantify rapidly the activity concentration of gamma-emitting radionuclides, such as 131 I, 132 Te, 134 Cs and 137 Cs, in solid or liquid test samples using gamma-ray spectrometry with lower resolution scintillation detectors as compared with the HPGe detectors (see IEC 61563 [ 7 ] ) . This test method can be used for the measurement of any potentially contaminated environmental matrices (including soil), food and feed samples as well as industrial materials or products that have been properly conditioned [ 8 ] . Sample preparation techniques used in the screening method are not specified in this document, since special sample preparation techniques other than simple machining (cutting, grinding, etc.) should not be required. Although the sampling procedure is of utmost importance in the case of the measurement of radioactivity in samples, it is out of scope of this document; other International Standards for sampling procedures that can be used in combination with this document are available (see References [ 9 ] [ 10 ] [ 11 ] [ 12 ] [ 13 ] [ 14 ] ). The test method applies to the measurement of gamma-emitting radionuclides such as 131 I, 134 Cs and 137 Cs. Using sample sizes of 0,5 l to 1,0 l in a Marinelli beaker and a counting time of 5 min to 20 min, decision threshold of 10 Bq·kg −1 can be achievable using a commercially available scintillation spectrometer [e.g. thallium activated sodium iodide (NaI(Tl)) spectrometer 2” ϕ × 2” (50,8 mm Ø x 50,8 mm) detector size, 7 % resolution (FWHM) at 662 keV, 30 mm lead shield thickness]. This test method also can be performed in a “makeshift” laboratory or even outside a testing laboratory on samples directly measured in the field where they were collected. During a nuclear or radiological emergency, this test method enables a rapid measurement of the activity concentration of potentially contaminated samples to check against operational intervention levels (OILs) set up by decision makers that would trigger a predetermined emergency response to reduce existing radiation risks [ 2]. Due to the uncertainty associated with the results obtained with this test method, test samples requiring more accurate test results can be measured using high purity germanium (HPGe) detectors gamma-ray spectrometry in a testing laboratory, following appropriate preparation of the test samples [ 15][16]. This document does not contain criteria to establish the activity concentration of OILs.