环境中放射性的测量. 使用环境监测数据进行有效剂量评估的指南. 第1部分: 计划的和现有的暴露情况

[中文适用范围]： 这些国际准则基于以下假设：环境成分（大气、水、土壤和生物群）以及食品质量的监测可确保保护人类健康[2][4][5][6][7][8 ]。 该准则构成了制定国家法规和标准的基础，特别是监测空气、水和食品以支持公共卫生，特别是保护公众免受电离辐射。 本文件提供了收集评估人类接触不同环境部分（大气、水、土壤、生物成分）和食物中自然存在或由人为活动排放的放射性核素所需的数据的指南； ——关于公众照射的前瞻性和/或回顾性剂量评估方法所需的环境特征的指南； ——对核设施中负责准备放射性评估以支持许可证或授权申请的工作人员以及负责评估公众剂量以确定气态或液态流出物放射性排放授权的国家当局官员的指导； ——向公众提供关于用于对代表性个人/人群的任何暴露情况进行剂量评估的参数的信息。 重要的是，剂量评估过程必须透明，并且可以参与的利益相关者清楚地理解假设，例如，选择要考虑的代表人的习惯。 提出了用于评估人体放射性暴露的通用数学模型，以确定要监测的参数，以便从一组测量结果中选择这些参数值的“最佳估计”。 通常使用更复杂的模型，需要了解补充参数。 本文件中不包含参考值和极限值。 [外文原描述]： These international guidelines are based on the assumption that monitoring of environmental components (atmosphere, water, soil and biota) as well as food quality ensure the protection of human health [ 2 ][4][5][6][7][8] . The guidelines constitute a basis for the setting of national regulations and standards, inter alia , for monitoring air, water and food in support of public health, specifically to protect the public from ionizing radiation. This document provides — guidance to collect data needed for the assessment of human exposure to radionuclides naturally present or discharged by anthropogenic activities in the different environmental compartments (atmosphere, waters, soils, biological components) and food; — guidance on the environmental characterization needed for the prospective and/or retrospective dose assessment methods of public exposure; — guidance for staff in nuclear installations responsible for the preparation of radiological assessments in support of permit or authorization applications and national authorities' officers in charge of the assessment of doses to the public for the purposes of determining gaseous or liquid effluent radioactive discharge authorizations; — information for the public on the parameters used to conduct a dose assessment for any exposure situations to a representative person/population. It is important that the dose assessment process be transparent, and that assumptions are clearly understood by stakeholders who can participate in, for example, the selection of habits of the representative person to be considered. Generic mathematical models used for the assessment of radiological human exposure are presented to identify the parameters to monitor, in order to select, from the set of measurement results, the "best estimates" of these parameter values. More complex models are often used that require the knowledge of supplementary parameters. The reference and limit values are not included in this document.