法医学 第4部分：解释（ISO 21043-4:2025）

[中文适用范围]： 本文件规定了要求，并提供了对观察结果进行解释以形成回答与调查或法律程序中决策相关问题的意见的建议。本文件适用于所有法医学领域的要求。本文件规定了当意见基于直接的人类判断，或基于通过统计模型进行解释时的要求。本文件适用于在犯罪现场、设施内或司法环境中进行的解释。本文件建立了旨在保护观察解释过程的要求，包括使用统计模型或人类判断，以应对客户提出的问题所涉及的替代性假设。如果分析结果得出的观察直接回答了相关问题，则不需要进行解释，本文件的要求也不适用。例如，在分析化学中，物质常常被识别或分类。只要所采用的分析方法在选择性和灵敏度方面不限制于所提出的问题，观察结果可以直接得出物质的名称（识别）或材料类型（分类）。这种情况在本文件中不被视为解释。 [外文原描述]： This document specifies requirements and provides recommendations for the interpretation of observations to reach opinions that answer questions that are relevant for decision making in investigations or legal proceedings. This document states requirements that are applicable to all forensic disciplines. This document states requirements that apply when the opinion is based directly on human judgement and when the opinion is based on interpretation through a statistical model. This document is applicable to interpretation that occurs at a scene, within a facility, or within a judicial setting. This document establishes requirements designed to safeguard the process for the interpretation of observations including the use of either statistical models or human judgement, to address alternative propositions based on the questions asked by the customer. Interpretation is not necessary and the requirements of this document do not apply if the observations resulting from the analysis directly answer the relevant question. EXAMPLE In analytical chemistry, substances are often identified or classified. Provided that the applied analytical methods are not limited in selectivity or sensitivity for the given question, the observations can lead to a direct statement of the name of the substance (identification) or a type of material (classification). This is not considered interpretation for the purposes of this document.