水质.核或辐射紧急情况下快速放射性测量指南（ISO 22017-2020）

[中文适用范围]： 本文件为希望对核或放射性紧急事件后可能受到污染的水样使用快速检测方法的检测实验室提供了指南。 在紧急情况下，应考虑： ——考虑进行测试的具体情况，例如潜在的高污染水平； ——在可能的情况下，使用或调整在常规情况下实施的放射性测试方法，以快速获得结果，或者，对于不常规进行的测试，应用先前经实验室验证的特定快速测试方法，例如用于 89Sr 测定； ——准备测试实验室来测量大量可能受到污染的样品。 本文件的目的是确保决策者获得快速采取行动所需的可靠结果，并最大限度地减少对公众的辐射剂量。 进行测量是为了通过检查供水质量来最大程度地减少公众的风险。 对于紧急情况，测试结果通常与操作干预水平进行比较。 注：操作干预水平（OIL）源自 IAEA 安全标准[8]或国家当局[9]。 快速分析的一个关键要素是使用常规方法，但缩短周转时间。 这些快速测量的目的通常是检查测试样品中是否存在异常放射性水平，识别存在的放射性核素及其活性浓度水平，并确定水是否符合干预水平[10][11][12]。 应当指出的是，在这种情况下，常规使用评估的验证参数（例如再现性、精密度等）可能不适用于改进的快速方法。 然而，由于紧急情况后出现的情况，修改后的方法可能仍然适合目的，尽管与测试结果相关的不确定性需要评估，并且可能会因常规分析而增加。 分析方法的第一步通常是基于总 α 和总 β 测试方法（ISO 10704 和 ISO 11704 的调整）和伽玛能谱测定（调整放射性核素（见第 2 条））的筛选方法（例如，90Sr 测量）根据本文件参考已发布的ISO文件，在适当的情况下，本文件还参考国家标准或其他公开的文件。 可直接在现场进行的筛选技术不属于本文件的一部分。 [外文原描述]： This document provides guidelines for testing laboratories wanting to use rapid test methods on water samples that may be contaminated following a nuclear or radiological emergency incident. In an emergency situation, consideration should be given to: — taking into account the specific context for the tests to be performed, e.g. a potentially high level of contamination; — using or adjusting, when possible, radioactivity test methods implemented during routine situations to obtain a result rapidly or, for tests not performed routinely, applying specific rapid test methods previously validated by the laboratory, e.g. for 89 Sr determination; — preparing the test laboratory to measure a large number of potentially contaminated samples. The aim of this document is to ensure decision makers have reliable results needed to take actions quickly and minimize the radiation dose to the public. Measurements are performed in order to minimize the risk to the public by checking the quality of water supplies. For emergency situations, test results are often compared to operational intervention levels. NOTE Operational intervention levels (OILs) are derived from IAEA Safety Standards [8] or national authorities [9] . A key element of rapid analysis can be the use of routine methods but with a reduced turnaround time. The goal of these rapid measurements is often to check for unusual radioactivity levels in the test sample, to identify the radionuclides present and their activity concentration levels and to establish compliance of the water with intervention levels [10][11][12] . It should be noted that in such circumstances, validation parameters evaluated for routine use (e.g. reproducibility, precision, etc.) may not be applicable to the modified rapid method. However, due to the circumstances arising after an emergency, the modified method may still be fit-for-purpose although uncertainties associated with the test results need to be evaluated and may increase from routine analyses. The first steps of the analytical approach are usually screening methods based on gross alpha and gross beta test methods (adaptation of ISO 10704 and ISO 11704) and gamma spectrometry (adaptation of ISO 20042, ISO 10703 and ISO 19581). Then, if required [13] , test method standards for specific radionuclides (see Clause 2) are adapted and applied (for example, 90 Sr measurement according to ISO 13160) as proposed in Annex A. This document refers to published ISO documents. When appropriate, this document also refers to national standards or other publicly available documents. Screening techniques that can be carried out directly in the field are not part of this document.