放射防护

[中文适用范围]： 本文件介绍了对核事故或重大放射事故期间和/或之后的人员进行个人污染筛查、分类、监测和评估辐射剂量的准备一般原则。本文件主要侧重于早期响应阶段，该阶段需要迅速采取行动，以实现支持国家或国际应急响应准则的目标。它涉及以下人员的一般要求： — 公众成员，包括成年人、弱势群体（如儿童和孕妇）和有特殊需要的人（如老年人和残疾人）； — 应急工作人员。本文件提供了对这两类人员进行筛查、分类和监测的一般程序。它涉及对潜在外部污染、内部和外部暴露以及剂量评估的个人监测。它还给出了组织和管理人口筛查中心以及登记和报告个人监测结果的原则。本文件适用于影响大量人群的核事故或重大放射事故后的大多数暴露情况，包括： — 放射性物质大量泄漏（例如从设施或核电站、在运输过程中）； — 放射性物质散布装置 (RDD)； — 简易核装置 (IND)； — 核武器。 环境中没有放射性物质释放，只有外部暴露（例如与辐射暴露装置 (RED) 相关联）的放射性事件不在本文件范围之内 1)。但是，本文件提供的一些信息可能对此类事件有用。该文件的目的是确保相关方提前做好准备。本文件建议如何快速准确地获取和收集数据，以便为决策者提供信息。它没有指定负责采取行动的各方或个人。本文件旨在为负责监测和评估紧急暴露情况下人群所接受剂量的人员提供指导，这些情况下涉及大量可能受到内部/外部污染（以及随后的辐射剂量）的人。它也可以作为监管机构的指导。 1) 本文件不考虑由 RED 暴露引起的事件，因为它们不会导致门户监视器或手持设备检测到的污染。通过评估临床体征和症状、生物剂量测定、EPR 等方法可以确定仅受潜在外部暴露的受害者的身份。1  [外文原描述]： This document presents general principles for preparedness to conduct individual contamination screening, triage, monitoring and assessing radiation doses received by people exposed during and/or in the aftermath of a nuclear or major radiological incident. The document mainly focuses on the early response phase, which requires rapid actions to be undertaken for achieving the goals in support of, and according to, national or international guidelines on emergency response. It addresses general requirements for — members of the public, this includes adults, vulnerable populations (such as children and pregnant women) and people with special needs (such as the elderly and disabled), and — emergency workers. This document provides general procedures for screening, triage and monitoring these two categories of people. It deals with individual monitoring for potential external contamination, internal and external exposures and dose assessment. It also gives principles for organizing and managing a population screening centre and for registering and reporting the results of individual monitoring. This document is applicable to most exposure situations following a nuclear or major radiological incident affecting a large number of people, including: — significant release of radioactive materials (e.g. from a facility or nuclear power plant, during transportation); — radiological dispersal device (RDD); — improvised nuclear device (IND); — nuclear weapon. Radiological incidents for which there is no release of radioactive material in the environment but only external exposures (e.g. linked to a Radiation Exposure Device (RED)) are outside the scope of this document [1] . However, some information given by this document may be of interest for this type of event. The aim of the document is to ensure that the appropriate parties are prepared in advance. This document advises how to obtain and collect data quickly and accurately in order to inform decision makers. It does not specify the parties or individuals who are responsible for undertaking the actions. This document is intended to give guidance to those in charge of monitoring and assessing doses received by populations in emergency exposure situations involving a large number of people potentially subject to internal/external contamination (and subsequent radiation doses). It can also serve as guidance to regulatory bodies. [1] Incidents resulting from RED exposure are excluded from consideration in this document because they do not result in contamination that would be detected by a portal monitor or handheld device. Identification of victims with only potential external exposure are determined by means such as evaluation of clinical signs and symptoms, biodosimetry, EPR, etc.