天然或合成来源的石油和相关产品 - 大气压力下蒸馏特性的测定

[中文适用范围]： 本文件规定了一种实验室方法，用于使用手动或自动设备测定轻质和中间馏分的蒸馏特性，这些馏分来自石油和相关合成或生物产品，初沸点高于 0 °C，终点低于约 400 °C。轻质馏分通常为汽车发动机汽油、乙醇含量高达 85% (V/V) 的汽车发动机乙醇燃料混合物以及航空汽油。中间馏分通常为航空涡轮燃料、煤油、柴油、FAME 含量高达 30% (V/V) 的柴油、燃烧器燃料和没有明显残留物的船用燃料。注：就本文件而言，术语“% (V/V)”用于表示材料的体积分数。碳氢化合物和相关合成或生物产品的蒸馏 (挥发性) 特性对其安全性和性能有重要影响，尤其是对于燃料和溶剂而言。沸点范围提供了有关储存和使用过程中的成分和行为的重要信息，蒸发率是许多溶剂应用的一个重要因素。大多数馏分石油产品和液体燃料规格都应用了指定蒸馏特性的限值，以控制最终使用性能并控制可能与空气形成爆炸性混合物或以其他方式作为排放物 (VOC) 逸入大气的蒸汽的形成。 [外文原描述]： This document specifies a laboratory method for the determination of the distillation characteristics of light and middle distillates derived from petroleum and related products of synthetic or biological origin with initial boiling points above 0 °C and end-points below approximately 400 °C, utilizing either manual or automated equipment. Light distillates are typically automotive engine petrol, automotive engine ethanol fuel blends with up to 85 % ( V/V ) ethanol, and aviation petrol. Middle distillates are typically aviation turbine fuel, kerosene, diesel, diesel with up to 30 % ( V/V ) FAME, burner fuel, and marine fuels that have no appreciable quantities of residua. NOTE For the purposes of this document, the term "% ( V/V )" is used to represent the volume fraction of a material. The distillation (volatility) characteristics of hydrocarbons and related products of synthetic or biological origin have an important effect on their safety and performance, especially in the case of fuels and solvents. The boiling range gives important information on composition and behaviour during storage and use, and the rate of evaporation is an important factor in the application of many solvents. Limiting values to specified distillation characteristics are applied to most distillate petroleum product and liquid fuel specifications in order to control end-use performance and to regulate the formation of vapours which may form explosive mixtures with air, or otherwise escape into the atmosphere as emissions (VOC).