系统和软件工程.系统和软件质量要求和评估(SQuaRE).系统和软件质量模型

[中文适用范围]： 本国际标准定义： a) 使用质量模型由五个特征（其中一些进一步细分为子特征）组成，这些特征与产品在特定使用环境中使用时的交互结果相关。 该系统模型适用于完整的人机系统，既包括正在使用的计算机系统，也包括正在使用的软件产品。 b) 由与软件的静态属性和计算机系统的动态属性相关的八个特征（进一步细分为子特征）组成的产品质量模型。 该模型既适用于计算机系统，也适用于软件产品。 这两个模型定义的特征与所有软件产品和计算机系统相关。 这些特性和子特性为指定、测量和评估系统和软件产品质量提供了一致的术语。 它们还提供了一组质量特征，可以根据这些特征来比较规定的质量要求的完整性。 注：虽然产品质量模型的范围旨在软件和计算机系统，但许多特性也与更广泛的系统和服务相关。 ISO/IEC 25012 包含一个数据质量模型，作为该模型的补充。 模型的范围不包括纯粹的功能属性（见 C.6），但它确实包括功能适用性（见 4.2.1）。 质量模型的应用范围包括与软件和软件密集型计算机系统的获取、需求、开发、使用、评估、支持、维护、质量保证和控制以及审计相关的人员从不同角度支持规范和评估软件和软件密集型计算机系统。 例如，这些模型可供开发人员、收购方、质量保证和控制人员以及独立评估人员使用，特别是那些负责指定和评估软件产品质量的人员。 产品开发过程中可以从质量模型的使用中受益的活动包括： ?确定软件和系统要求； ？验证需求定义的全面性； ？确定软件和系统设计目标； ？确定软件和系统测试目标； ？确定质量控制标准作为质量保证的一部分； ？确定软件产品和/或软件密集型计算机系统的验收标准； ？制定质量特性衡量标准以支持这些活动。 [外文原描述]： ISO/IEC 25010:2011 defines: A quality in use model composed of five characteristics (some of which are further subdivided into subcharacteristics) that relate to the outcome of interaction when a product is used in a particular context of use. This system model is applicable to the complete human-computer system, including both computer systems in use and software products in use. A product quality model composed of eight characteristics (which are further subdivided into subcharacteristics) that relate to static properties of software and dynamic properties of the computer system. The model is applicable to both computer systems and software products. The characteristics defined by both models are relevant to all software products and computer systems. The characteristics and subcharacteristics provide consistent terminology for specifying, measuring and evaluating system and software product quality. They also provide a set of quality characteristics against which stated quality requirements can be compared for completeness. Although the scope of the product quality model is intended to be software and computer systems, many of the characteristics are also relevant to wider systems and services. ISO/IEC 25012 contains a model for data quality that is complementary to this model. The scope of the models excludes purely functional properties, but it does include functional suitability. The scope of application of the quality models includes supporting specification and evaluation of software and software-intensive computer systems from different perspectives by those associated with their acquisition, requirements, development, use, evaluation, support, maintenance, quality assurance and control, and audit. The models can, for example, be used by developers, acquirers, quality assurance and control staff and independent evaluators, particularly those responsible for specifying and evaluating software product quality. Activities during product development that can benefit from the use of the quality models include: identifying software and system requirements; validating the comprehensiveness of a requirements definition; identifying software and system design objectives; identifying software and system testing objectives; identifying quality control criteria as part of quality assurance; identifying acceptance criteria for a software product and/or software-intensive computer system; establishing measures of quality characteristics in support of these activities.