信息技术 软件的分类

[中文适用范围]： 本技术报告指定了对IT系统和软件进行分类的方式。它提供了分类的框架，并为应用该框架提供指导。这使得任何社区都可以通过使用自己的类别定义来明确其系统的范围。 该框架的应用范围旨在涵盖IT系统和软件，包括由IT系统提供的服务，它们可以是主要目标但不局限于此。 制定本技术报告的目的包括以下几点：a) 系统和软件工程标准的开发者可以通过附录或指南为不同的目标系统和软件类别定义其适用性，使得用户能够轻松识别可应用的相关标准和条款；b) 系统和软件工程工具和技术的供应商可以明确其技术适用于或受限于哪些目标系统和软件类型，以便用户在众多候选中选择合适的工具和技术。 服务提供商可以根据分类轴来定义其服务特性，从而具体说明服务质量。 系统和软件的开发者及评估者可以通过使用分类轴对具有相似特性的系统和软件进行分类，从而获得对其目标系统和软件更好的估算和质量评估。 系统和软件工程社区可以利用明确的应用范围来交流研究思路和最佳实践。本技术报告并不提供特定的分类集，而是提供分类的框架和应用指南，以实现上述目的。正确的标准应用于采购或开发某些类型的系统非常重要。本技术报告提供了分类框架和应用指南，以协助（1）定义标准的应用领域，以及（2）定位新标准。 [外文原描述]： ISO/IEC TR 12182 specifies the manner in which categorizations of IT systems and software are organized and expressed. It provides the framework for categorizations, and a guide for applying it. This allows any community to clarify their scope of the systems by using their own definition of categories. The scope of application of the framework is intended to IT systems and software, including services provided by IT systems, where they can be of main targets but not limited to. The purpose of this Technical Report includes the following: a) developers of systems and software engineering standards can define their applicability to different categories of target systems and software using annexes or guidelines, so that their users can easily identify relevant standards and clauses that they can apply; b) suppliers of systems and software engineering tools and methods can clarify the types of target systems and software to which their technologies are applicable or limited so that their users can easily choose the right tools and methods among many candidates for their use; c) providers of services can define characteristics of their services using classification axes so that they can specify the quality of their services; d) developers and evaluators of the systems and software can categorize systems and software of similar characteristics by using classification axes so that they can obtain a better estimation and quality evaluation of their target systems and software to be developed; e) the systems and software engineering community can exchange their research ideas and best practices with defined scope of application. ISO/IEC TR 12182 does not provide a specific set of categorizations but the framework for categorizations and a guide for applying it to achieve the above purposes. It is important that standards on systems and software engineering are properly applied to the procurement or development of certain kinds of systems. This Technical Report provides a categorization framework and a guide for applying it to assist in (1) defining the area of application of standards, and (2) positioning new standards. The annex of this Technical Report provides descriptive examples for relevant standards, each of which describes the area of application of the standard by using defined categorization. NOTE Giving guidance on applicability might not be relevant to all standards.