标准摘要
[中文适用范围]： 车辆前照灯的首要目的不是看世界而是看路！ @ 车头灯以最简单的形式帮助驾驶员在道路上找到安全的路径。他们通过根据（多种）特定标准照亮道路来做到这一点。几十年来，关于照亮道路上潜在障碍物的细节的讨论只不过是一种学术追求，因为灯丝光源根本没有足够的流明来实现所有所需的任务，无论它们有多么有价值。毫不意外的是，这项技术随着高输出金属卤化物光源的引入而不断发展，多任务标准与多级照明设备和分立式 LED 光源相结合，提供高发光效率以及将光传送到最有用的地方的方法。现在的问题是确定可用光应指向何处。每个标准咨询小组@行业@制造商和每个驾驶员对于如何最好地照亮道路@的问题可能都有自己最喜欢的方法@，但很少有人会不同意存在一组@弱势候选人可以从改进的前向照明中受益。这些是在道路上行走的行人，不幸的是@他们可以存在于道路场景中的任何地方。道路上的某些区域显然比其他区域更危险@特别是那些位于射向对面车道的光束一侧光线较弱的区域（在大多数国家/地区为左侧）。 Sullivan 和 Flannagan (2001)@Kosmatka (2003) 和 Sullivan (2007) 的研究证明了道路上行人的死亡率（2300 人死亡）和脆弱性（左交叉口是右交叉口的两倍）。这可能会得出这样的结论：有必要在道路的对面车道（左侧）放置更多的流明。然而@这是简单的答案；困难的问题是左侧有多少光@以及如何实现这一点？近光模式@本质上是一种折衷方案，既要为车辆前方的道路提供足够的照明，又要最大限度地减少眩光对迎面而来的道路使用者的影响。这意味着任何旨在改进近光灯以实现更好的行人能见度的研究都必须尊重车辆驾驶员和其他道路使用者的需求之间的平衡。虽然正在采取各种方法来减少行人死亡人数，但很明显，前照灯的有效性可以发挥重要作用。如前所述@，随着新前照灯技术和更高效光源的引入，近光光分布的性能得到了改善。然而，在提供足够的前向照明和最大限度地减少眩光对其他道路使用者的影响之间的折衷仍然是一个限制。研究结果更清楚地表明了与行人碰撞的性质，并确定了道路场景中的关键区域，现在适合审查近光前照灯系统的要求，重点是减少行人死亡。目的 SAE 行人能见度工作组成立于 2005 年，其目标如下： ?使用基于真实事故数据的最新研究结果，从行人碰撞的角度识别道路场景的关键区域。 ？审查当前近光前照灯系统的有效性并确定需要改进的领域。 ？确定改进近光灯的机会，可将其引入各种前照灯系统，包括适用于发展中国家的低成本解决方案。本报告记录了 SAE 行人能见度工作组的工作。这些建议可供相关委员会进一步制定，以升级照明标准。此外，这些建议适合纳入新车评估计划 (NCAP)，其中根据明确定义的标准评估前照灯系统的相对性能。 [外文原描述]： The primary purpose of vehicle forward lighting is not to see the world but to see the road! In their simplest form, headlights help drivers negotiate a safe path on the road. They do this by lighting the roadway according to (a multitude of) specific StandardDetails.For decades, discussions concerning the niceties of illuminating potential obstacles in the roadway were little more than an academic pursuit as there simply were not sufficient lumens available from filament light sources to achieve all of the desired tasks no matter how worthy they might be. Not unexpectedly, the technology has evolved with the introduction of high output metal-halide sources, multi-task StandardDetails combined with multilevel lighting devices and discrete LED sources offering high luminous efficiencies and the means to deliver the light where it can be most useful. The question now becomes one of determining where the available light should be directed.Every standard advisory group, industry, manufacturer and every driver might have their particular favorite approach to the question of how best to illuminate the road, but few would disagree that a single, vulnerable set of candidates to benefit from improved forward lighting exist. These are pedestrians walking in the roadway and unfortunately, they can exist literally anywhere in the road scene. Some regions of the road are clearly more perilous than others, specifically those located where the light is weaker on the side of the beam directed toward the opposing lane (the left side in the majority of countries).Work by Sullivan and Flannagan (2001), Kosmatka (2003) and Sullivan (2007) has demonstrated the fatality rate (2300 fatalities) and vulnerability (twice as many left-crossing than right-crossing) of pedestrians in the roadway. This could lead to the conclusion that it is necessary to put more lumens in the opposing lane (left) side of the roadway. However, this is the simple answer; the hard questions are how much light, where on the left and how can this be achieved?The low beam pattern, by its nature, is a compromise between the need to provide adequate illumination of the road ahead of the vehicle while minimizing the effects of glare to oncoming road users. This means that any study to identify improvements in the low beam to achieve better pedestrian visibility must respect the balance between the needs of the vehicle driver and the other road users.While various approaches to reduce pedestrian fatalities are being pursued it is clear that the effectiveness of headlighting can play an important role. As noted earlier, the performance of the low beam light distribution has improved with the introduction of new headlamp technologies and more efficient light sources. However, the compromise between providing adequate forward illumination while minimizing the effects of glare to the other road users remains a constraint.With research findings providing a clearer indication of the nature of the collisions with pedestrians and identifying critical areas in the road scene it is now appropriate to review the requirements of the low beam headlamp system with a focus upon mitigating the pedestrian fatalities.Cross Reference: 2006-04-0948,2006-04-0949,UMTRI-2000-36,UMTRI-2001-33,UMTRI-2001-35,UMTRI-2006-1,UMTRI-2007-3,UMTRI-97-37
英文名称Pedestrian Visibility - Low Beam Optimization to Reduce Night-time Fatalities