地面车辆中的人工智能：技术、操作和监管挑战

[中文适用范围]： 本SAE信息报告识别并记录了人工智能（AI）在以下领域的实施挑战：技术挑战（见第4节）：聚焦于从数据开发AI模型以执行识别、理解和决策等复杂类人功能时的技术障碍。不包括不涉及数据学习的AI技术，如搜索算法。操作挑战（见第5节）：聚焦于在地面车辆及支持基础设施中部署AI时遇到的独特困难，例如成本、环境问题、安全、安保等。监管挑战（见第6节）：AI相关法规正在快速演变。本节概述当前主要AI法规以及在地面车辆领域满足这些法规面临的一些挑战。适当时，本技术报告还引用了国际标准化组织（ISO）、电气电子工程师学会（IEEE）和SAE International发布的与AI相关的国际标准（IS）、技术报告（TR）、技术规范（TS）和信息报告（IR），以应对所列挑战。为简洁起见，作者使用通用术语“标准”来指代所有上述文档类型。完整标准列表见第2节。此外，作者将范围限定为已发布的文档，未包含其他类型文献。功能定义及所注问题与关切均符合当前行业移动实践及已发表的同行评审文献。本文档中的缓解示例并非相互独立，某些缓解措施可能相互冲突。项目开发时，应采用系统工程方法设计并实施缓解措施，尽可能协同，必要时权衡，以满足系统要求（包括适用法规和标准）。 [外文原描述]： This SAE Information Report identifies and documents the AI implementation challenges in the following areas:• Technical Challenges (see Section 4): Focusing on the technical hurdles to develop AI models from data for complex human-like functions such as recognition, comprehension, and decision-making. Some AI technologies that do not necessarily involve learning from data, such as search algorithms, will not be considered.• Operational Challenges (see Section 5): Focusing on the unique difficulties to deploy AI in ground vehicles and supporting infrastructure. These difficulties arise, for example, from issues like cost, environmental concerns, safety, security, etc.• Regulatory Challenges (see Section 6): AI-related regulations are rapidly evolving. This section provides an overview of the key AI regulations at the present and some of the challenges to meet them in the ground vehicle domain.Where applicable, this technical report also provides references to AI-related International Standards (IS), Technical Reports (TR), Technical Specifications (TS), and Information Reports (IR) produced by the International Organization for Standardization (ISO), the Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE), and SAE International (SAE) that address the challenges listed. For brevity, the authors of this report use the general term “Standards” to reference all the above types of documentation referenced. The full list of these standards is included in Section 2. In addition, the authors of this report are restricting the standard’s scope to only published documents and did not include any other type of literature due to space limitations and keeping the report focused.The functional definitions and noted issues and concerns are provided consistent with current industry mobility practices and published peer-reviewed literature. The mitigation examples in this document are not concepts that are necessarily independent of each other. Additionally, some mitigations can conflict with others. For the development of a project, an approach is to use systems engineering to design and implement mitigations, synergizing where possible and performing trade-offs where needed to achieve the system requirements (including applicable regulations and standards).